18 KiB
BSIP: 1203 (unassigned)
Title: Blockchain scanning for inbound Stealth transactions
Authors: Christopher J. Sanborn
Status: Draft
Type: Protocol
Created: 2018-01-29
Discussion: <url>
Abstract
The existing Stealth implementation (BSIP-0008) requires the sender to manually communicate transaction receipts to the recipients of each transaction to alert them to the presence of an inbound balance transfer, creating a danger of lost funds due to miscommunicated or lost receipts. This BSIP explores options for automated discovery of inbound transactions while still preserving fundamental privacy features of unlinkability and anonymity.
Motivation
"Stealth addresses" are a method of providing unlinkability to blockchain transactions. Unlinkability is a major component of the "Privacy Triad": unlinkability, confidentiality, and untraceability. Using a stealth address, a sending wallet is able to compute a "child" public key that derives from the public key specified in the address, but which cannot be correlated, or "linked", to the address public key except by the sender and the receiver. This child key is what is used for the transaction outputs (TXOs). As such, third party observers cannot link TXOs to addresses, nor even link together TXOs which are "controlled" by the same address.
Although this is a great benefit to privacy, it complicates the matter of detecting inbound transactions, since a wallet cannot simply scan for transactions which explicitly identify the destination address.
Existing Stealth Phase I functionality already includes the use of stealth addresses, but does not include a solution for detection of inbound transactions. As a result of which, user adoption of the Stealth feature has been very minimal. We propose below a solution to inbound transaction detection as well as some additional enhancements to the stealth addressing scheme.
Rationale
A confidential transaction (cTX) does not identify the recipient. As such, there is no direct way for a wallet to use only its Stealth address to query the p2p network for inbound transactions. In the current "phase one" implementation of Stealth (BSIP-0008), inbound discovery is a manual process requiring the sender to communicate "transaction receipts" to the intended recipients of each transaction output in order to alert each recipient of their incoming balance. Transaction receipts are encrypted data structures that embed the Pedersen commitment of the transaction output and the value and blinding factor that the recipient needs to "open" the commitment. Additionally, the receipt records the one-time public key which the recipient uses to derive the private key offset needed to spend the incoming coin, via a shared-secret procedure between the one-time key and the recipient's address key. The need to communicate transaction receipts is burdensome and introduces substantial risk of lost funds due to failure to communicate or retain receipts.
Keys involved in a cTX output (cTXO):
- One-time PubKey (OTK) — The sender generates this key (public and private) from randomness and uses it to generate a shared-secret between the OTK and the recipient's Address PubKey. The OTK PubKey will be clear-text encoded in the Tx receipt and optionally also recorded in the transaction output.
- Address PubKey (APK) — This is a public key encoded in the recipient's stealth address. The goal of a stealth address scheme is to not identify this public key in a transaction output. The APK serves as a base point from which individual Tx output AuthKeys are computed.
- Tx Output Auth Key (AuthKey) — This public key will be recorded in the confidential transaction output (cTXO) as the key which is authorized to spend the commitment. This key is offset from the APK by a secret offset that only the sender and recipient can calculate (from the shared secret between OTK and APK). The sender knows only the offset between APK and AuthKey, but not the full secret key to the AuthKey. The recipient, knowing the private key behind the APK, can compute the private key to AuthKey and therefore can spend the commitment.
Automated discovery could be enabled if the receipt were embedded within the transaction data structure and if an aspect of that data structure supported a challenge condition which the recipient could recognize.
The current implementation allows for a receipt to be embedded in each Tx output via a stealth_memo field which is formatted in the same way as the encrypted memos that may accompany regular (non-Stealth) transfer operations. These memos are composed of a header specifying the OTK PubKey and the "message PubKey" for which the recipient holds the corresponding private key, followed by cipher text which is AES encrypted with a shared-secret key between the OTK and the message PubKey. For the stealth_memo, the current behavior of the CLI reference wallet is to use the recipient's Address PubKey (APK) as the message PubKey. Although this is a reasonable choice for encrypting the message text, identifying the recipient's APK in the memo header breaks anonymity and completely negates the unlinkability provided by using a stealth address scheme. For this reason, the CLI reference wallet does NOT actually embed the memo in the Tx ouput but instead Base58 encodes it and prints it to the screen, calling it a "transaction receipt." The sender must manually, and secretly, transmit this to the recipient via a side channel.
Stealth Memo structure:
| One-time PubKey: | Chosen from randomness by sender (33 bytes) |
| Message PubKey: | Public key controlled by recipient. (33 bytes) |
| Cipher Text: | AES encrypted message, using key ← Shared(OTK,MPK) |
Note: Present behavior is to use the Address PubKey as the message PubKey, which reveals intended recipient!!
A very simple solution would be to change the behavior of using the APK as the message PubKey, and instead to use the Tx output AuthKey as the message PubKey. Because the recipient is able to derive the private key behind the AuthKey through knowledge of the OTK PubKey and the recipient's APK, the recipient would simply need to test the OTK against each of their APK private keys to see if the resulting AuthKey matches the message PubKey. If it does, then the output is recognized as destined to the recipient, even though the recipient's Address PubKey is not identified in the memo header. The computational cost of this is one Diffie Hellman round, a hash operation, and a child key derivation.
To support this strategy, a wallet will need to inspect all cTX activity on the network and test the challenge conditions on each transaction. This could be achieved if API nodes are extended to provide an API call to retrieve stealth_memo fields from all cTXOs appearing in a specified block range. The wallet could simply download the memos, test the challenge on each one, and identify and decrypt the ones that are destined to the wallet. No need would remain to manually transmit transaction receipts. The receipts would be embedded, compactly and unlinkably, in the Tx outputs.
Specifications
We specify two protocols. In the first subsection, Wallet procedure..., we specify the recognition protocol by detailing wallet behaviors for:
- Creating transaction outputs that can be recognized by their recipients, and,
- Recognizing transaction outputs that are destined to the wallet.
And in the second subsection, API requirements..., we propose a new API call for querying nodes for transaction outputs to be scanned for recognizable markers. This is an added feature for API nodes and does not involve any consensus changes.
Wallet procedure for recognizing own commitments
Assumptions:
- Wallet has access to a set of private keys corresponding to stealth addresses which may own commitments on the blockchain. These private keys are needed to "recognize" incoming transactions.
- Wallet can query an API node for commitments occurring between specified block heights, to obtain a set to scan for owned commitment. (See below for this process.)
In what follows, we detail procedures for two different stealth address formats: one which encodes a single public key, and one which encodes two public keys. The two formats serve a similar purpose of allowing for unlinkable transactions, but the dual-key format allows for watch-only wallets, whereas the single-key format does not. The single key format is borrowed from Confidential Transactions, whereas the dual-key format is borrowed from CryptoNote-based coins such as Monero.
Address Formats:
| Format: | |
|---|---|
| CT-style: | Single public key and checksum. Public key A serves both viewing and spending roles. Format: BTSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacccc |
| CryptoNote-style: | Two public keys plus a checksum. Public key A serves the viewing role and public key B serves the spending role. Format: BTSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbcccc |
(In the address formats above we consider the part following the "BTS" identifier to be Base58 encodings of the concatenated byte buffer representations of public keys and checksum bytes. C.f. Base58Check encoding.)
The dual-key format separates the duties of spending a commitment from those of reading the commitment, such that a person in possession of only the "viewing key" (the private key corresponding to the additional pubkey in the address) can discover, interpret, and tally incoming transactions, but cannot spend them. The "spending key" (private key corresponding to the primary pubkey in the address) is needed to authorize the spending of a commitment. The dual-key address format and signing procedures are described in detail in [vS13] and reviewed below.
Procedure for single-key stealth addresses (CT-style)
We assume the address encodes public key A, and that the wallet owner is in posession of (A, a), where a is the corresponding private key.
Embedding recognizability data in the transaction
For the recipient to recognize a cTXO as their own, the cTXO need only to encode two items: 1.) The one-time PubKey (OTK) that the sender generated for shared-secret generation, and, 2.) the authorization PubKey (AuthKey) of the cTXO. Because the AuthKey is computed deterministically from Shared(OTK,AddrKey), it stands that if the recipient can generate the same AuthKey, then the cTXO belongs to them.
The structure of a cTXO is as follows:
| Field | Purpose |
|---|---|
commitment: |
Blinded value commitment (EC curve point, 33 bytes) |
range_proof: |
Proof data supporting transaction validity (0 to ~5 KiB) |
owner: |
BitShares owner structure specifying weighted list of keys or accounts that may spend this commitment. (Typically lists just one public key, the "AuthKey" for the cTXO.) |
stealth_memo: |
Also known as the "transaction receipt" when transmitted off-chain.one_time_key: (EC curve point, 33 bytes)to: Use the AuthKey here! (EC curve point, 33 bytes)encrypted_memo: Data that recipient needs to "open" the commitment.The stealth memo is optional as far as the network is concerned, but essential if you want the recipient to be able to detect the incoming transaction without sending a "receipt." |
Since the stealth_memo field can be used to record both the OTK and the AuthKey, all the wallet needs to do to scan for incoming transactions is to download batches of stealth memos and, for each one, test whether the combination of the OTK and the wallet's Address key yields the AuthKey. If it does, then use then derive the AES decryption key from Shared(OTK,AuthKey) and use that to read the additional data in encrypted_memo.
Procedure for dual-key stealth addresses (CryptoNote-style)
Embedding recognizability data in the transaction
Detecting inbound transaction (dual-key)
API Requirements to Allow Detection of Inbound Commitments
(Discuss here a proposed API call for retrieving commitments by block height range)
(Note: the data returned by this call should also include (or, perhaps this should be a separate call) a list of all commitments that were SPENT in the same block height range. In the case of RingCT this would be a list of key-images used, since with RingCT the network doesn't know which commitments are spent or not.)
(Discuss also possible optimizations such as batching historical commitment and spend data into ranges of fixed size (say intervals of 2^17 blocks, representing a little over four days) so that these data-balls can be cached and returned efficiently without the node needing to satisfy a unique query every time.)
Discussion
Possible future extensions
Additional address formats
The two stealth address formats described above provide for single key and dual key addresses, where the latter allows for separation of transaction monitoring from the ability to spend, allowing for view-only wallets.
There may be use cases for additional address formats allowing for more complex situations.
One would be a multi-sig situation in which the address format encodes multiple spending keys and a weighting requirement. Although, this would make the resulting address very lengthy, it would also add an interesting use-case. And, since BitShares authority structures already allow for a vector of authorizing keys and weights, it should be possible to implement the feature on the wallet side, without needing any changes to consensus or API. This idea is not explored further here but merely suggested for future exploration if there is a desire for the feature.
Another use case for an extended address format would be... (TODO: Discuss including an "invoice nonce" in the address format for correlating incoming transactions to a particular invoice. C.f. Bitcoin where using an address-per-transaction serves both unlinkability as well as invoicing. With Stealth addresses, there is no need to increment addresses for unlinkability, and doing so to facilitate invoicing only increases the scanning overhead by introducing the need to test against additional private keys. But by including an invoice nonce in the address format, which the spending wallet would carry over into the encrypted part of the stealth_memo, the recipient can correlate payments to invoices while using only a single address key (or a single pair of spending/viewing keys in the dual-key case).)
Pitfalls and Cautions
An attack on address key from leak of a transaction private key
A confidential output will have associated with it an "Output PubKey." He who can provide a signature from that PubKey is authorized to spend the commitment. Automated detection of inbound commitments depends on the deterministic computation of an offset between the One-time PubKey and the Address PubKey, which is computed from the shared secret between the sender and receiver. Because only the offset is deterministic, the sender cannot compute the private key to the Output PubKey. Only the receiver can do this (by knowing both the offset and the Address private key).
Because Output PubKeys are only used once, wallet software designers may be led to believe that the security of the Output PrivKeys are only important up until the commitment is spent. (What would it matter, to leak that private key, when the commitment it authorizes is no longer spendable?) This would be a mistake, however, because anyone who can compute the additive offset can subtract it from the Output PrivKey to reveal the Address PrivKey. Although the general public is not expected to be privy to that offset, the sender of the output is in posession of the offset (and the ability to compute it due to knowing the random k behind the One-time PubKey). This means the sender can compute the Address PrivKey, in the event that the recipient leaks the Output PrivKey.
Thus, wallet designers should be advised to treat the Output PrivKeys handled by their wallets with at least as much care as the Address PrivKeys, even long after the commitments they authorize have been spent. A leak of a single commitment's PrivKey is tantamount to a leak of the PrivKey for the entire wallet.
(A similar risk of revealing a parent PrivKey from leak of a child PrivKey and parent XPUB when using non-hardened derivation is noted in the Bitcoin BIP-32 protocol for Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets.)
Summary for Shareholders
Although the goal of this BSIP is to support the long-range vision of Stealth Phase II, the implementation of this BSIP would provide value right now, as it would enable the utilization of even the Phase I Confidential Transactions operations without the reliance on burdensome transaction receipts, which are the primary end-user stumbling block to routine Stealth use.
We have detailed in this document procedures for producing recipient-recognizable transaction outputs from stealth addresses. Specifically, we have detailed the procedure for two distinct stealth address formats: a single-key address format which is identical to that which is already in use, and a new dual-key address format which separates the duties of monitoring from spending, and thus allows for watch-only Stealth wallets. Support for the dual-key address format would require no network or consensus changes. It requires only wallet support.
Most of the work needed to implement this BSIP is in the wallet, namely the correct production of recognizable cTXOs and the process of scanning for owned cTXOs. The only network-level change is the addition of two API calls: one to return batches of stealth_memo fields included in a block range, and one to return batches of consumed commitments (in the case of CT transactions) or used key-images (in the case of RingCT transactions). These API calls would need to be available on wallet-serving API nodes, but would not be needed on block-producing witness nodes. There are no consensus changes proposed in this document.
Copyright
This document is placed in the public domain.
References
[vS13] - Nicolas van Saberhagen, Cryptonote v 2.0, 2013 - https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper.pdf